Reduplication
The perfect repeats the first consonant + : → . Vowel-initial verbs lengthen instead: → .
Lessons Lesson 22 of 29
Spot reduplication and read the perfect as a completed action with lasting effect.
The perfect repeats the first consonant + : → . Vowel-initial verbs lengthen instead: → .
Most perfect actives add : , . Some have no (second perfect): , .
, , … The ending sits right on the stem: 'it stands written'.
The perfect presents a completed action whose result still stands: 'I have believed (and still do)'.
Augment + reduplication + : 'I had loosed'. 'I knew' (from ) is the one you'll see most.
Screen 1 of 5
Tap any word to see its dictionary form, parsing and meaning.
, .
Pass the lesson with 80% or more across the scored drills. Read-aloud practice and optional reading never hold you back.
Pick a drill to start. Each one keeps its own score.
Some cells of the chart are blank. Type the missing forms.
No cells checked yet. Each blank counts as one answer.
Fill in the blank cells of λύω perfect and pluperfect indicative.
A word from a real verse is highlighted. Choose each part of its parsing.
No words parsed yet.
Parse the marked word from Matt 2:5.
γέγραπται
οἱ δὲ εἶπαν αὐτῷ· Ἐν Βηθλέεμ τῆς Ἰουδαίας· οὕτως γὰρ γέγραπται διὰ τοῦ προφήτου· Matt 2:5
Given a dictionary form and a parsing, type the form that matches.
No forms built yet.
Build this form.
λύω
perfect middle/passive indicative · 1st plural
Choose or type the meaning that fits the marked word in its verse.
No answers yet.
What does the marked word mean here?
μᾶλλον
αὕτη δέ ἐστιν ἡ κρίσις ὅτι τὸ φῶς ἐλήλυθεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον καὶ ἠγάπησαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι μᾶλλον τὸ σκότος ἢ τὸ φῶς, ἦν γὰρ αὐτῶν πονηρὰ τὰ ἔργα. John 3:19
Read a whole verse, tapping any word you need, then answer questions on who does what and parse its new forms.
No questions answered yet.
Passage 1 of 6, question 1 of 3. Tap any word you need; looking words up never costs you.
, .
Who or what is the subject of ἐστιν?
This lesson’s words, chart forms and parsings are spaced-review cards. Pass the drills above and they join your review, where each card comes back just before you would forget it. See step 7 for what this lesson adds.
Under each verse in step 6, write your own English and get feedback on each word. It doesn’t count toward the pass mark, so try it whenever a verse makes sense to you.
| Person | perfect active indicative | perfect middle/passive indicative |
|---|---|---|
| singular | ||
| 1st | λέ (reduplication)λυκ (perfect tense sign)α (personal ending) | λέ (reduplication)λυμαι (personal ending) |
| 2nd | λέ (reduplication)λυκ (perfect tense sign)ας (personal ending) | λέ (reduplication)λυσαι (personal ending) |
| 3rd | λέ (reduplication)λυκ (perfect tense sign)ε(ν) (personal ending) | λέ (reduplication)λυται (personal ending) |
| plural | ||
| 1st | λε (reduplication)λύκ (perfect tense sign)αμεν (personal ending) | λε (reduplication)λύμεθα (personal ending) |
| 2nd | λε (reduplication)λύκ (perfect tense sign)ατε (personal ending) | λέ (reduplication)λυσθε (personal ending) |
| 3rd | λε (reduplication)λύκ (perfect tense sign)ασι(ν) (personal ending) | λέ (reduplication)λυνται (personal ending) |
| Person | pluperfect active indicative |
|---|---|
| singular | |
| 1st | ἐ (augment)λε (reduplication)λύκ (pluperfect tense sign)ειν (personal ending) |
| 2nd | ἐ (augment)λε (reduplication)λύκ (pluperfect tense sign)εις (personal ending) |
| 3rd | ἐ (augment)λε (reduplication)λύκ (pluperfect tense sign)ει (personal ending) |
| plural | |
| 1st | ἐ (augment)λε (reduplication)λύκ (pluperfect tense sign)ειμεν (personal ending) |
| 2nd | ἐ (augment)λε (reduplication)λύκ (pluperfect tense sign)ειτε (personal ending) |
| 3rd | ἐ (augment)λε (reduplication)λύκ (pluperfect tense sign)εισαν (personal ending) |
Underlined:reduplicationperfect tense signpersonal ending (who does it)augmentpluperfect tense sign
Perfect middle and passive share one set of forms.
Every word here is one you know, apart from at most one glossed word. Tap a word to look it up; it shows only what you've learned so far. Answer questions on these verses in the Read a verse drill.
, .
, · .
; .
· , .
· , · .coming
One word is glossed for you (you haven’t learned this form yet): ἐρχόμενος “coming”.
;free ; ; ;
One word is glossed for you (you haven’t learned this word yet): ἐλεύθερος “free”.
Every word in these is one you know.
·
,
,
·
,
Also: 1 chart, 5 parsing items.
Pass the drills with 80% and 42 word cards, 6 chart cards and 5 parsings from this lesson join your review.
32 of the 53 start right away. Writing each word in Greek, and any other cards, wait until you know the meanings.
Sources for this lesson: SBLGNT text CC BY 4.0; MACULA Greek CC BY 4.0 (tokens, parses, english glosses); Berean Interlinear glosses public domain (context_gloss); Dodson lexicon CC0 (vocab gloss).